MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS 1

Degree course: 
Corso di First cycle degree in MATHEMATICS
Academic year when starting the degree: 
2023/2024
Year: 
1
Academic year in which the course will be held: 
2023/2024
Course type: 
Basic compulsory subjects
Credits: 
9
Period: 
First Semester
Standard lectures hours: 
80
Detail of lecture’s hours: 
Lesson (56 hours), Exercise (24 hours)
Requirements: 

Basic knowledge of high school algebra, trigonometry and analytic geometry.

Final Examination: 
Orale

The exam is divided into three parts:
-a written test consisting in three to five exercises covering the main topics studied in the course, which will test the ability of students in applying the computational techniques learned in class;
-a second written part covering the theoretical aspects of the course, and consisting stating and proving a few theorems seen in class; this will assess the understanding of the underlying theory and the ability to reproduce rigorous proofs, possibly of simple statements similar to but different from those seen in class, and to express themselves in correct mathematical language;
- an oral part, which follows immediately the second written test, consisting in the discussion of the two written tests, where the ability of expressing themselves in correct mathematical language, and to independently recognize the validity of mathematical reasoning will be assessed. Each part will be evaluated with a grade out of thirty, and the final grade, if greater than or equal to 18, will be the arithmetic mean of the marks of the 3 parts. To be admitted to the oral exam it is necessary to have obtained a score of at least 14/30 in the first written exam.

Assessment: 
Voto Finale

The course aims at introducing students to fundamental methods and techniques of Mathematics, and in particular to the differential and integral calculus of one real variable and to sequences and series. A further goal is to train students in applying analytic techniques to other sciences.
Students will know the fundamentals of differential and integral calculus of real functions of one real variable. In particular they will be able to study the qualitative graph of elementary function, to solve elementary integration problems, to determine the convergence of sequences and series; they will be able to state and prove the basics theorems of Analysis. Finally, students will be able to independently recognize the validity of mathematical reasoning, to produce proof of simple theorems similar to those seen in class, and to express themselves in correct mathematical language.

Number sets: natural numbers and induction, summation symbol and sum of the first n integers. Factorials and binomial coefficients. Binomial formula. Rational numbers, irrationality of square root of 2. Ordering and sup property, axiomatic property of real numbers. Decimal expansions.
Complex numbers. Algebraic representation and geometric interpretation. Conjugate and absolute value. Trigonometric and exponential representations. N-th roots. Equations in C. Fundamental Theorems of Algebra.
Introduction to the topology of the real line. Real valued sequences and epsilon-delta definition of their limit. Converging, diverging and irregular. Properties of limits: uniqueness, monotonicity, sign theorem sandwich theorem. Arithmetic of limits and indeterminate forms. Limits and subsequences. Limit of monotonic sequences and the Neper number. Ratio test for sequences. Fundamental limits. Infinite and infinitesimal sequences. The scale of infinite sequences. The Landau symbols.
Subsequences and their properties. Sequences and topology. The Bolzano-Weiestrass theorem. Sequential compactness. The Heine-Borel Theorem. The Cauchy condition and its equivalence with existence of finite limits.

Series: converging, diverging and irregular. Necessary condition for convergence. Geometric series, Mengoli series and telescopic series. Comparison and asymptotic comparison for series eventually of constant sign. Harmonic series. Ratio and root test; examples. Signed series: absolute convergence and convergence. Leibniz theorem.

Generalities on functions of one real variable: domain, image, injectivity, surjectivity and invertibility. Monotonicity and boundedness. Elementary functions and their graphs. Transformations, symmetries and graphs.

Limits of functions: epsilon-delta definition and sequential limits. Properties and computation of limits. Landau symbols, infinitesimals and infinites.

Continuity: epsilon-delta definition and arithmetic properties. Continuity of the composition of continuous functions. Continuity and sequential continuity. Classification of discontinuities. Continuity of piecewise defined functions and continuous extensions.
Global properties of continuous functions: Zeros, intermediate values and Weiestrass theorems. Uniform continuity and the Heine-Cantor theorem. Invertible continuous functions.

Introduction to derivatives. Differentiability and continuity. Differentiation rules: sum, product and quotient rules. Chain rule. Differentiability of inverse function.

Local maximum and minimum points, Fermat’s Theorem. Lagrange’s Theorem and monotonicity criterion. Characterization of constant functions on an interval. De L’Hospital’s Theorem. Higher order derivatives. Taylor’s formula (with Peano and Lagrange remainder). Conditions on the second derivative to determine if a stationary point is an extremum point. Convexity. Study of the graph of a function.

Introduction to the Riemann integral: definition of the integral and geometric interpretation. Necessary and sufficient conditions for integrability. Properties of the Riemann integral. Classes of integrable function. Primitives and integration rules: tables of elementaty integrals, by substitution, by parts, integration of rational functions. Integral mean theorem and fundamental theorem of calculus. Generalized integrals and integral functions.

Number sets: natural numbers and induction, summation symbol and sum of the first n integers. Factorials and binomial coefficients. Binomial formula. Rational numbers, irrationality of square root of 2. Ordering and sup property, axiomatic property of real numbers. Decimal expansions.
Complex numbers. Algebraic representation and geometric interpretation. Conjugate and absolute value. Trigonometric and exponential representations. N-th roots. Equations in C. Fundamental Theorems of Algebra.
Introduction to the topology of the real line. Real valued sequences and epsilon-delta definition of their limit. Converging, diverging and irregular. Properties of limits: uniqueness, monotonicity, sign theorem sandwich theorem. Arithmetic of limits and indeterminate forms. Limits and subsequences. Limit of monotonic sequences and the Neper number. Ratio test for sequences. Fundamental limits. Infinite and infinitesimal sequences. The scale of infinite sequences. The Landau symbols.
Subsequences and their properties. Sequences and topology. The Bolzano-Weiestrass theorem. Sequential compactness. The Heine-Borel Theorem. The Cauchy condition and its equivalence with existence of finite limits.

Series: converging, diverging and irregular. Necessary condition for convergence. Geometric series, Mengoli series and telescopic series. Comparison and asymptotic comparison for series eventually of constant sign. Harmonic series. Ratio and root test; examples. Signed series: absolute convergence and convergence. Leibniz test.

Generalities on functions of one real variable: domain, image, injectivity, surjectivity and invertibility. Monotonicity and boundedness. Elementary functions and their graphs. Transformations, symmetries and graphs.

Limits of functions: epsilon-delta definition and sequential limits. Properties and computation of limits. Landau symbols, infinitesimals and infinites.

Continuity: epsilon-delta definition and arithmetic properties. Continuity of the composition of continuous functions. Continuity and sequential continuity. Classification of discontinuities. Continuity of piecewise defined functions and continuous extensions.
Global properties of continuous functions: Zeros, intermediate values and Weiestrass theorems. Uniform continuity and the Heine-Cantor theorem. Invertible continuous functions.

Introduction to derivatives. Differentiability and continuity. Differentiation rules: sum, product and quotient rules. Chain rule. Differentiability of inverse function.

Local maximum and minimum points, Fermat’s Theorem. Lagrange’s Theorem and monotonicity criterion. Characterization of constant functions on an interval. De L’Hospital’s Theorem. Higher order derivatives. Taylor’s formula (with Peano and Lagrange remainder). Conditions on the second derivative to determine if a stationary point is an extremum point. Convexity. Study of the graph of a function.
Introduction to the Riemann integral: definition of the integral and geometric interpretation. Necessary and sufficient conditions for integrability. Properties of the Riemann integral. Classes of integrable function. Primitives and integration rules: tables of elementaty integrals, by substitution, by parts, integration of rational functions. Integral mean theorem and fundamental theorem of calculus. Generalized integrals and integral functions.

Frontal lectures: 56 hours. Exercise sessions: 24 hours.
Frontal lectures are devoted to the development of the theory and to the description of the computational techniques needed to solve exercises and problems which may have practical origin. The computational techniques will be strengthened and deepened in the exercise sessions where the instructor will describe the solution of further problems and exercises, some of which may be taken from problem sets assigned during the lectures or suggested by the students themselves.

Office hours: by appointment to be set up by sending an email to the instructor.

Borrowers