Chemistry and propaedeutic biochemistry
1) CHEMICAL BONDS. Covalent and ionic bonding, molecules and crystals
2) SOLUTIONS. Water properties, solvation and electrolytes, hydrogen bond, concentration of the solutions.
3) ACID-BASE BALANCE. Fundamentals (strength of the acids and the bases pH, pK), buffering, biological buffers, Handerson-Hasselbalch equation
4) BIOENERGETICS (I). Principles of the thermodynamics, free energy and spontaneous reactions, high-energy bonds.
5) BIOENERGETICS (II). Redox potentials, redox pairs of particular biological importance, oxidative phosphorylation.
6) ENZYMES. Reaction rate and chemical equilibrium, catalysts and biological catalysis, specificity and control of enzymatic reactions
7) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Functional groups: alcohol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxyl acids, amines. Nomenclature and main characteristics. Main types of isomers. Aromatic compounds.
8) LIPIDS. Fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids. Detergents and micelles. NUCLEIC ACIDS. Nitrogenous bases and nucleotides, DNA and RNA
9) CARBOHYDRATES. Monosaccharides, pentoses, hexoses, anomers and epimers; glycosidic bond, di- and polysaccharides
10) AMINOACIDS AND PROTEINS. General structure and properties of the main side chains. Peptide bond and protein structure.

MICROBIOLOGY
1. Microbiology: history and positive reflexes on human health
2.Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
3.Bacteria structure. Replication. Cultivation and growth of bacterial cultures. Bacterial spores
4. Structure and reproduction of fungi. Classification of the main pathogenic fungi
5. Structure of viruses and classification principles
6. Host-parasite interactions (infection, differences between infection and disease, immune response against infectious agents)
7. Anti-infective drugs (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral). Vaccines.
8. Diagnosis of microbial infections
9. Microbial infections and immune system
10. Signs of principal microbial infections

Biochemistry
The main biomolecules of the organism: sugars, aminoacids, lipids, cholesterol, energy molecules. Reserve molecules, glycogen and triglycerides.
Proteins: peptide bond, aminoacidic sequence, three-dimensional structure (eg collagen); post-translational modifications, phosphorylations, glycosilations, proteolysis, bonds with coenzymes
Oxygen transporters: Hemoglobin / Myoglobin
Enzymes: properties, kinetics, inhibitions, regulation, specificity, nomenclature, hints of enzyme co-factors.
Vitamins.
Metabolism: anabolism and catabolism, bonds and regulations; bioenergetics: ATP- phosphorylation at the substrate level and NAD + / FAD-reducing power
Respiratory chain.
Glycolysis, glycogen metabolism and effect of insulin and glucagon.
Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis and their regulation.
Nitrogen metabolism, transamination, transamination, urea cycle and uric acid.
Fat metabolism and metabolic adaptations in fasting.
Haem catabolism and albumins.
Lipoproteins, bile acids and hints on cholesterol metabolism.
Degradation of aminoacids and urea synthesis.
Aminoacid derivatives and nucleotide synthesis (outline)
Insulin / glucagon regulation