Blood and body fluids. Subdivisions of body compartments. Distribution, ionic and solute content of body compartments. Functions of blood. Physical properties. Osmotic and oncotic pressure. Erythrocytes sedimentation. Hematocrit. Blood cells. Hemometry. Coagulation ad hemostasis.
Cell electrophysiology. Resting cell membrane potential. Time and space constant. Excitation threshold, ionic currents Ionic channels. Action potential and its propagation along myelinated and non-myelinated nervous fibers. Refractory period. Conduction speed. Synaptic function. Synaptic properties and neurotransmitters. Unidirectional conduction, central delay, excitation and inhibition. Ca++ role in neurotransmitters release. Excitatory (EPSP) and inhibitory (IPSP) postsynaptic potential. Neuromuscular junction. Neuronal codification. Integration of postsynaptic signals:
Nervous system. Sensory system. Generator and receptor membrane potential. Receptor adaptation. Mono and pluri-synaptic reflexes. Interneurons and inhibitory circuits. Somatic sensations. Tactile and position senses. Neuromuscular spindles and Golgi tendon organs;  and  circuits. Sensory pathways for transmitting somatic signals to central nervous system. Sensory cortex Thermal sensation. Thermal receptors. Pain. Types of pain receptors. Pathways for transmitting thermal and pain signals to central nervous system. Referred and visceral pain. Peripheral and central mechanisms of endogenous control of pain. Vestibular sensation and maintenance of equilibrium. Vestibular apparatus. Function of utricle and saccule in static equilibrium. Transmission of sound through the outer and medium ear. Inner ear: transmission of sound waves in the cochlea, function of the organ of Corti. Central auditory mechanisms. Vision. The retina as a receptor. Photochemistry of vision. Color vision. Neural function of the retina. Visual pathways. Organizations and functions of the visual cortex. The chemical senses – Taste and Smell. Receptors. Transmission to taste and smell signals to the central nervous system. Motor control. The neuromotor unit. Organization of spinal cord for motor function. Flexor and withdrawal reflexes, crossed extended reflex. Reciprocal inhibition and reciprocal innervation. Spinal shock. Cortical and brainstem control of motor function. Primary motor cortex. Premotor area. Role of reticular and vestibular nuclei. Control of posture. Cerebellum. Afferent and efferent pathways to the cerebellum. Basal ganglia. Motor functions. Specific neurotransmitters. Cerebral cortex. EEG. Functions of specific cortical areas. Association areas. Language. Different function of the two hemispheres. Short- term, intermediate–term and long-term memory. Limbic system and Hypothalamus. Activating- de-activating systems of the brain. Vegetative and endocrine control function of the hypothalamus. Functions of the limbic system. Autonomic nervous system. General organization and characteristics of sympathetic and parasympathetic function. Autonomic reflexes. Control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in distinct organs.
Muscle and locomotion. Function of skeletal muscle. Elastic and contractile components. Isometric, isotonic and iso-velocity contraction. Single twitch and tetanization. Force-length diagram. Force-velocity diagram. Dynamic force-velocity diagram.
Heart. Cardiac pace-maker. Specialized excitatory ad conductive system of the heart. Resting membrane potential and action potential in specialized system and in normal myocytes. Electrocardiogram. Control of cardiac function. Receptors, afferent pathways, cardiovascular regulatory centers, efferent pathways. Cardiac mechanics. Valves function. Ventricular pressure and volume during cardiac cycle. Cardiac stroke and cardiac output. Work output, cardiac efficiency.
Circulatory system. Distribution of blood volume. Velocity, cross section and pressure in the circulatory districts. Static Mechanical features of blood vessels. L