The atom, the molecules, the matter, the periodic table.
Chemical bonds. Polarity of molecules. Oxidation states.
Gas laws
Solutions, concentrations and properties
Reactions and chemical balance.
Acids, bases, pH, buffer solutions. Oxidation-reduction reactions.
Carbon chemistry: hybridization and bonds. Organic molecules and functional groups: alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Amines. Isomerie.
Structure and function of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates: general aspects and classification, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides.
Lipids: general aspects and classification, fatty acids, acylglycerols, phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, K, E) and their biochemical role, lipoproteins and lipid transport in the blood.
Amino acids and proteins: biological importance of proteins, amino acids, peptide bond, structural organization of proteins, hemoglobin (structure and function) and myoglobin, collagen, muscle fiber proteins.
Enzymes: classification, enzymes as catalysts, coenzymes derived from water-soluble vitamins, factors that influence the activity of enzymes, inhibition of enzymatic activity.
Carbohydrate metabolism: glycogen, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis. Hormonal regulation of blood sugar.
Lipid metabolism: fatty acids as the main fuels of metabolism, beta oxidation, ketone bodies, synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.
Metabolism of amino acids: protein digestion, deamination and urea production.
Bioenergetics: citric acid cycle, respiratory chain, electron transfer and ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.