Content of the course
CHEMISTRY and PROPEDEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Module
The structure of the atom and the radioactivity notes. Chemical bonds and oxidation numbers. States of matter and their property. Water, Solutions and Their Properties. Osmotic pressure and redox reactions. Chemical balance. Acids and bases, pH measurement. Pad solutions and biological applications. Description and main reactions of alcohols, alkenes, alkenes, alcohols, thiols, ethers, esters, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, amides and amines with biological examples. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Amino Acids and Nucleotides. Protein structure.
GENERAL BIOLOGY MODULE
The cell; Mendel's reading; Exceptions to Mendel's laws; Human chromosomes; Mobile divisions; Male and female gametogenesis; Chromosomal theory of eriditariality; Chromosome determination of sex; DNA, structure and duplication; Chromatin; heterochromatin; RNA, structure and maturation; Protein synthesis and genetic code.
BIOCHEMICAL MODULE
Carbohydrates: nomenclature and classification of aldose and ketosis. Proteins: Chemical Amino Acids Classification. Peptide bond and physical chemical characteristics. Protein structure, Lipids: Simple lipids: fatty acids. Complex Lipids Node on the structure of biological membranes. Cholesterol and its derivatives. The structural organization of biological membranes. Oxygen Conveyors: Structural and Functional Properties Enzymes: Properties and Enzymatic Kinetics. Enzyme Inhibition. Regulatory enzymes: allosteric enzymes and enzymes regulated covalently. Metabolism: generality, features of bioenergetics. The "energy charge". The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Activating glucose. Glycogen metabolism. Glycolysis and control mechanisms. The pyruvic acid oxidative decarboxylation. The gluconeogenesis and control mechanisms. Oxygenation of fatty acids. The Krebs cycle, its energy balance, and control mechanisms. Anaplerotic reactions. Metabolism of amino acids. Mechanisms of defense against the toxicity of ammonia: urea cycle. The ketone bodies. Metabolic adaptations in fasting. Hormones: general properties and mechanisms of action.
PHARMACOLOGY MODULE
- Pharmacokinetic Exercises (10 hours). the main routes of drug administration, and the pharmacokinetic processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs in healthy subjects, in patients, during pregnancy and in puerperium. Quantitative pharmacokinetic topics will also be used to set a correct dose, such as distribution volume, clearance, half life, maintenance dose, and loading dose. The concept of bioavailability and the equivalent drug will be addressed.
- Pharmacodynamic properties (6 hours): the main mechanisms underlying drug action. They will also discuss the theoretical basis for the interpretation of drug action by imparting the concepts of agonist, antagonist, partial agonist. Dosage-response curves that allow you to interpret efficacy and pharmacological potency. Drug-toxicology topics will be addressed to interpret toxic drug effects, drug interactions, abuse, tolerance, addiction.
-Examples of pharmaceutical legislation, experimentation (4 hours). The main laws in force in Italy and the European Union concerning the production, classification of medicines, prescription and pharmacovigilance. Preclinical and clinical studies will also be described for the discovery of new drugs.