Content of the Course (Cardiac Surgery)
Cardiac embryogenesis. Congenital heart diseases.
Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of acquired heart diseases.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or ExtraCorporeal Circulation (ECC). Historical aspects, principles and techniques.
Cardioplegia: historical aspects, cardioplegic solutions and techniques.

Coronary artery disease (CAD). Atherosclerosis: etiology, pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical aspects. Indications to different treatments and indications to surgical myocardial revascularization (coronary artery bypass grafting CABG). CABG: mycardial revascularization. On pump and off pump coronary surgery.

Acquired valvular diseases: Valvular prosthesis, anticoagulation and anti-platelets therapy.

Mitral valve disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology and clinical aspects of mitral stenosis and mi-tral regurgitation. Mitral valve replacement (mechanical and biological prosthesis) and mitral valve repair.

Tricuspid disease: repair and replacement of tricuspid valve

Aortic valve disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology and clinical aspects of aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation. Aortic valve replacement (mechanical and biological prosthesis) and aortic valve repair.

Minimal invasive cardiac surgery in valvular disease.

Endocarditis. . Etiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology and clinical aspects of endocarditis. Diagno-sis and indications to surgical tratment.

Aortic aneurysms. Pathogenesis, pathophysiology and clinical aspects of aortic aneurysms. Indi-vcations to surgical treatment and surgical options.

Aortic dissection. Etiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology and clinical aspects of acute aortic dissec-tions.
Classifications and indications to surgical teatment. Surgical techniques and options.
Surgical treatment of heart failure. Implantable cardiac devices. Cardiac transplantation (indications and techniques).

Surgical risk evaluation in cardiac surgery (score systems).

TEACHING UNIT:
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN CARDIO-PULMONARYBYPASS APPLICATIONS
Pathopgysiological mechanisms during Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)
Monitoring of vital functions during CPB
Management of anticoagulation in CPB
Acid-base management
Myocardial protection (cardiopegic solutions and techniques)
Management of CPB in cardiac surgery
Accidental events in CPB