1. The electromagnetic field and its interaction with matter and definition of spectrum (8 h).
1.1. Absorption and emission of radiation. Line width, line-broadening effects, and possible solutions.
2. Rotational spectroscopy. Linear molecules, spherical rotors, symmetric/asymmetric rotors (8 h).
2.1. Rotational IR and Raman spectroscopies. Determination of molecular structure from rotational constants.
3. Vibrational spectroscopy (8 h).
3.1. Vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules.
3.2. Polyatomic molecules: harmonic potential and normal modes.
3.3. Anharmonicity.
3.4. Infrared and Raman spectra.
3.5. Rotovibrational spectra of diatomic molecules: from the spectrum to the bond length and strength constant.
4. Electronic spectroscopy (8 h).
4.1. Atomic spectra and classification of electronic states. Electronic states and spectra of diatomic molecules. Vibrational and rotational structure.
4.2. Polyatomic molecules and electronic states. Chromophores. Fate of the excited states.
4.3. Decay processes, fluorescence, and phosphorescence.
5. Photoelectron spectroscopy. Ionization processes and Koopmans theorem (8 h).
5.2. UPS, XPS, Auger spectroscopies.
5.3. Synchrotron radiation. XAS and XES spectroscopies.
5.4. Mössbauer spectroscopy.
6. Laser and spectroscopy. Laser examples. Use of lasers in spectroscopy, e.g. raman spectroscopy and femtochemistry (8 h).
7. Magnetic spectroscopies: principles and applications (8 h).
7.1. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
7.2. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).
8. Laboratory (16 h). Measurement of the IR spectra of simple organic molecules and sodium salts using different methods (transmission, KBr pellets, ATR).