IMMUNOLOGY AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY
GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
Basic knowledge of biology, cytology, histology and genetics is necessary for understanding the topics discussed in the course. There are no constraints on propedeuticity.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Basic knowledge of biology, cytology, histology and genetics is necessary for understanding the topics discussed in the course. There are no constraints on propedeuticity.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
The course provides the general principles and general characteristics of General Pathology and Immunology and with them the appropriate scientific terminology for communicating these disciplines.
At the end of the course the student will be able:
1) to know and understand the principles of innate and acquired immunity, their dynamics and their functioning in health and illness;
2) to develop understanding and description capabilities of resistance mechanisms to the immune system that the various pathogenic microorganisms implement;
3) to know and understand the characteristics of major hereditary diseases, pathologies that reduce the efficiency of defense mechanisms, and inflammation;
4) to understand the notions of cellular pathology, cell growth and differentiation alterations, amyloidosis, spongiform encephalopathy and cell death (necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy);
5) to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors, differences between benign and malignant tumors, nomenclature and classification criteria for tumors, their gradation and staging, and the study of oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes.
The student will also acquire autonomy of judgment and scientific terminology for communication in the field of reference.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
The course provides the general principles and general characteristics of laboratory medicine, with particular reference to the most important clinical aspects and the main analytes of human biological fluids important for health control. Likewise, the basic concepts of the pathophysiology and understanding of the use of laboratory tests in the diagnostic path will be developed.
At the end of the course the student will be able:
1) to know and understand the units of measurement, the importance of collecting and conserving biological samples, pre-analytical variability, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values;
2) to know and understand the characteristics of the major circulating cancer markers, their classification and clinical use, as well as indications of the use of such markers;
3) to develop understanding and description of hematology diagnostic mechanisms; of coagulative and fibrinolytic system; of liver function; of exocrine pancreas; of proteins; of cardiovascular disease; of diabetes and thyroiditis; of renal function; and associated with bone remodeling;
4) understand the notions and principles of vaccination; acute and chronic inflammation, their chemical mediators, and systemic manifestations of inflammation.
The student will also acquire autonomy of judgment and the terminology of laboratory diagnostics.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
The front lessons will address the following topics:
General characteristics of the immune system. Physical / chemical barriers outside. Internal innate defenses. Molecules and cells of innate immunity. The complement system (4h).
Antigen recognition by T and B lymphocytes. Formation of antigen receptors on lymphocytes. Presentation of the antigen to T lymphocytes. The Major Histocompatibility Complex of and its functions and various sub-types of T helper lymphocytes (4h).
The humoral immune response. Lymphocytes B. Various types and functions of antibodies. Dynamics of acquired immunity and primary and secondary lymphoid organs (4h).
Hereditary or genetic diseases and non-hereditary congenital illnesses. Principles of primary immunodeficiency. Secondary Acquired Immunodeficiency: HIV infection and AIDS syndrome (4h)
Acute and chronic inflammation. Classification of immunopathogenic reactions, or hypersensitivity reactions (seven types) (4h).
Etiology and pathogenesis of self-immunity. Amyloidosis or beta-fibrillosis: Alzheimer's disease, spongiform encephalomyelitis and prion disease. Transplants and rejection mechanisms (4h).
Cell pathology, cell damage, autophagy and cell death: necrosis and apoptosis. Cell adaptations. Classification of Bizzozero: labile, stable and perennial cells (2h).
Etiology and tumor pathogenesis. Benign and malignant tumors. Grading and staging. Fundamental principles of carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes. Inheritance and tumors. Risk factors (4h).
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
The front lessons will address the following topics:
Introduction to Laboratory Medicine. Collection and conservation of biological samples: pre-analytical variability. Sensitivity and specificity and predictive values (2h).
Characteristics of the major circulatory markers of cancer, classification and clinical use of tumor markers, as well as indications of the use of such markers (4h).
Protein in diagnostics and indicators of cardiovascular disease (4h).
Diagnostics in hematology: anemia. Coagulative and fibrinolytic system diagnostics (6h).
Inflammation. The two main types of inflammation: acute and chronic and their chemical mediators (2h).
Diagnosis of endocrine disorders: thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus (2h).
Clinical enzyme. Indices of liver function. Exocrine pancreas diagnostics. Lipoproteins and plasma lipids (4h).
Bone remodeling markers and renal function diagnostics (4h).
The vaccines. Basic concepts. Vaccines with killed or live microorganisms and attenuated. Toxoid, conjugated and recombinant synthetic vaccines (2h).
GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
L. Sompayrac - How Does the Immune System Work - Piccin Editions (1st Edition, 2013).
G.M. Pontieri - General Pathology Elements - For Bachelor Degree in Health Professions - Piccin Editions (3rd Edition, 2011).
Slide lessons: downloadable from the University's E-learning site.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
M. Cioffi - Laboratory Diagnostic Manual - Editions Minerva (2010).
Slide lessons: downloadable from the University's E-learning site.